Vella in english: dict.cc | vella | English-Albanian translation

Orders, requests, advice and suggestions in indirect speech

Now you know how to transform affirmative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences into indirect speech. However, if you are faced with a categorical order, friendly advice or request, a tempting offer or sincere gratitude, before retelling them to someone, it is worth considering some nuances. Let’s look at each individually:

• Orders and requests

  An order or request in indirect speech is always expressed in the infinitive.

  My mom said to me, “ Switch on the light. ” – My mother told me: “ Turn on the light .”
  My mom told me to switch on the light. — Mom told me to turn on the light .

  In addition, when converting an order or request into indirect speech, the verb to say can be replaced with synonyms to urge (call) or to beg (beg).

  The father said to his daughter, “Do take care of your little brother.” ‘s father said to ‘s daughter, “Take care of your little brother.”
  The father urged his daughter to take care of her little brother. ‘s father called ‘s daughter to take care of her younger brother.

  In a negative sentence expressing an order or request, the particle not is placed before the verb in the infinitive.

  She said to me, “ Don’t open the door.” — She told me: “ Don’t open the door.”
  She told me not to open the door. — She told me not to open the door.

  The child said to his mom, “ Don’t take me to the museum!” – The child said to his mother: “ Don’t take me to the museum !”
  The child begged his mom not to take him to the museum. — The child begged mother not to take to the museum.

• Offers

  When converting sentences into indirect speech, we use the verb to offer (offer) and to suggest (offer).

  The man said to her, “Shall I bring you a glass of water?” — Man told to her: “Get you a glass of water?”
  The man offered to bring her a glass of water. — Man offered to bring her a glass of water.

  She said to him, “What about going there together?” – She told to him, “How about we go there together?”
  She suggested that they should go there together. — She invited to go there together.

• Advice

  Advice is converted to indirect speech using the verb to advise.

  Bella said to him, “You’d better take a cab or, or you may be late for the meeting.” – Bella told to him: “You’d better get a taxi, you might be late for the meeting.”
  Bella advised him to take a cab, as otherwise he might be late for the meeting. — Bella advised to take a taxi, otherwise he might be late for the meeting.

• Apologies

  You can convey an apology in English using the verb to apologize (to apologize) and the expression to beg one’s pardon (to ask for forgiveness).

  She said to the teacher, “I’m sorry for being late.” – She told the teacher: “Sorry I’m late!”
  She apologized to the teacher for being late. She apologized to the teacher for being late.

  Mary said to him, “Beg your pardon, I’ve left your encyclopedia at home.” — Mary told to him, “I’m sorry, I left your encyclopedia at home.”
  Mary begged his pardon for having left his encyclopedia at home. — Mary asked his forgiveness for leaving his encyclopedia at home.

• Gratitude

  You can convey gratitude with the help of the verb to thank (thank) and the expression to express your gratitude (express your gratitude).

  Tom said to them, “Thank you for helping me out!” — Volume told to them, “Thank you for helping me.”
  Tom thanked them for helping him out. – Tom thanked for their help.

  Elon said to me, “Thank you for coming!” – Elon told to me: “Thank you for coming.”
  Elon expressed his gratitude to me for coming. Elon expressed his gratitude to for coming.

Do you want to learn how to speak English correctly? Then sign up for a practical grammar course.

We hope that the given examples of sentences will help you deal with all previously incomprehensible moments. To consolidate the material, you can take a short test on indirect speech.

Test on the topic “Indirect speech”

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Secondary members of a sentence in English and word order – YES knowledge base

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If in Russian the meaning does not change from the rearrangement of the members of the sentence, then in English there is a clear word order. The main and secondary members of a sentence in English have their own specific purpose, function and position, which is reflected in the rules regarding word order in sentences. If you know the basic structure of an English sentence, you can easily build a competent and logical text.

To understand how sentences are formed in English, it is necessary to get a general idea of ​​the members of the sentence, which, as in Russian, are divided into main and secondary.

The main members of the sentence

The subject is the person or thing that directly performs the action. This is the subject about which the sentence says something. The subject answers the questions: Who? What?

The subject in most cases comes first in the sentence and is expressed by a pronoun (I – I, you – you, they – they, something – something, somebody – someone, nobody – nobody, etc.) or a noun in singular or plural.

The predicate is another main member of the sentence, which denotes the action performed by the subject and shows at what time this action happened, is happening or will happen. The predicate answers the question “what to do?”. In English, a predicate can consist of two verbs at once – auxiliary and semantic. An auxiliary verb is used to express time. The function of the auxiliary verb is to convey additional grammatical and semantic information in tandem with the main semantic verb. At the same time, in a sentence, the auxiliary verb almost always completely or partially loses its main lexical meaning.

The subject is not always in the first place, and other words can also appear between the subject and the predicate.

Secondary members of the sentence

Secondary members (subordinate parts of the sentence) add additional meaning to the sentence, clarify and expand the information that the subject, predicate and other members of the sentence carry. The secondary members of the sentence are the addition (Object), the definition (Attribute) and the circumstance (Adverbial Modifier).

A sentence consisting only of a subject and a verb is called non-existent:

• The helicopter landed. — The helicopter has landed.
• The children have grown up. – The children have grown up.

A common sentence consists of a grammatical basis and secondary members (additions, circumstances, definitions):

• The helicopter landed safely. — The helicopter landed safely.
• The children have grown up quickly. — The children grew up quickly.

English definition

Attribute is a minor member of a sentence that evaluates nouns, pronouns, and other parts of speech in the sentence that act as the subject. As a rule, the definition in a sentence depends on the subject, object, and also the nominal part of the predicate.

The definition answers the questions “what?”/”whose?” and is located next to the subject or object, describing its properties. A definition in English can be expressed by almost any part of speech (adjective, numeral, participle, etc.). A definition can appear both before the subject and before the object:

• I see a big truck next to the house. — I see (what?) a big truck near the house.
• This little turtle is so cute! This (what?) little turtle is so cute!

A definition in a sentence can be either before or after the keyword it depends on:

• My teacher will come soon. “My teacher will be here soon.
• The letter from Jennifer surprised him. The letter from Jennifer surprised him.

A definition in a sentence can be expressed by an adjective, pronoun or participle, as well as participial phrases:

• Jennifer was the most beautiful girl in our class. Jennifer was the prettiest girl in our class.
• My friend can swim. — My friend can swim.

The definition can also be expressed as an ordinal or cardinal number:

• The second part of the film will be released in the fall. The second part of the film will be released in autumn.

A definition in English can even be expressed as a noun. When translated into Russian, such definitions often take the form of an adjective:

• Mark was a village teacher. Mark was a village teacher.

Possessive nouns can also act as definitions. Such a definition in English can be both before the word being defined and after it:

• Jennifer’s brother works as a woodcutter. Jennifer’s brother works as a lumberjack.

In rare cases, adverbs can also be defined in English if they depend on a noun:

• The room below was spacious. The room downstairs was spacious.

There is another type of definition in English – the so-called prepositional phrases (prepositional phrases). They are combinations of a noun and a preposition:

• We talked with the director of the museum. — We talked with the director of the museum.

The difficulty in identifying such a definition is that it is easy to confuse it with an indirect object. It must be remembered that the definition always depends on the nominal parts of speech (noun, pronoun, numeral). As for additions, they most often relate to the predicate.

Addition

Addition (Object) – a minor member of the sentence, denoting the object or person over which the action expressed by the predicate is performed:

• Let’s eat cake. Let’s eat cake. The word “cake” in this sentence is an addition.

The object comes after the predicate and answers any case question (except for the nominative). The complement can be direct (answers the questions of the accusative case – whom? what?) Or indirect (answers all other case questions). If two types of addition are used at once in one sentence, the direct one goes first, and then the indirect one:

• Mark bought some flowers for Bella. Mark bought (what?) flowers (for whom/to whom?) for Bella.

An object in English can be expressed by a noun, pronoun, gerund, verb infinitive or adjective and participle used as nouns.

Direct object (Direct Object) expresses an object or person over which some action is performed, described by the predicate. The direct object depends on the predicate expressed by the transitive verb and is used without prepositions:

• They are learning Chinese. They are learning Chinese.

Indirect Object usually expresses the animate object for which the action is performed. Indirect refers to the person to whom the action is directed and / or in whose interests it is performed. Such an object can be used with or without prepositions:

• She passed Mark a slice of pizza. She handed Mark a slice of pizza.

Usually two objects (direct and indirect) are for verbs that fit the “do something to someone” scheme, for example:

• He showed them his car. He showed them his car.

Another type of addition in the English language is The Cognate Object (“related” addition). As a rule, it is used with intransitive verbs but without prepositions, and is also the same root word with the verb on which it depends, or similar in meaning to it.

Bella looked at Mark and smiled a sad smile. Bella looked at Mark and smiled sadly.

Circumstance

Circumstance (Adverbial Modifier) ​​- a minor member of the sentence that complements the verb, adjective or adverb, that is, depends on the predicate part of the sentence. Circumstance specifies how, when and where an action or process is performed.

The circumstance can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. This part of speech indicates the place, reason, time, mode of action, etc., and answers the questions: “where? when? how? why?” The circumstance can be expressed by an adverb: yesterday (yesterday), quietly (quietly) or a noun with a preposition (in Kazakhstan – in Kazakhstan, behind the wall – behind the wall):

• Her school is set in the countryside. Her school is (where?) in the countryside.
• Yesterday I saw her with Bella. — (When?) Yesterday I saw her with Bella.

Depending on what particular features of the action characterize the circumstances, they are divided into several large groups: the circumstances of the place, time, causes, goals, etc.

If there are several circumstances in the proposal, then they should be used in the following order:

• Subject + Predicate + Circumstance (how?) + Circumstance (where?) + Circumstance (when?)

To emphasize when or where something happened, the circumstance of place or time can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:

• Last week I got a call from Tinkoff Bank. — Last week I got a call from Tinkoff Bank.

Consider different types of circumstances with examples:

Adverbial Modifiers of time:

• We’ll go to the movies tomorrow. We will go to the cinema tomorrow.

Adverbial Modifiers of frequency explains how often an action or process is repeated:

• We rarely go to the circus. We rarely go to the circus.

Adverbial Modifiers of place and direction:

• You can buy these lemonade everywhere in this city. You can buy this lemonade everywhere in this city.

Adverbial Modifiers of manner specifies how an action or process is performed:

• Mark always wears shoes casually. Mark always wears shoes casually.

Adverbial Modifiers of degree and measure clarifies the extent to which a particular feature is present or an action is performed:

• I’ve almost finished working on the painting. — I have almost finished the painting.

Adverbial Modifiers of cause:

• We won’t go to the village because of the rain. We will not go to the village because of the rain.

Adverbial Modifiers of comparison:

• He fought like a true warrior. He fought like a real warrior.

Adverbial Modifiers of purpose:

• We came to win the cup. We have come to win the cup.

Adverbial Modifiers of concession:

• Despite the heavy rain, we went to the store. Despite the heavy rain, we went to the store.

Adverbial Modifiers of result and consequences:

• Mark are not so mean as to say anything like that. Mark isn’t mean enough to say something like that.

Adverbial Modifiers of condition specifies under what condition the process can be implemented:

• We will clean the whole house if necessary. — If necessary, we will clean the whole house.

Circumstances in English can be expressed in various ways. As in Russian, circumstances can be expressed by adverbs, nouns, prepositional phrases, participles, or pronouns.

Word order in a declarative sentence

In the grammar of the English language, it is customary to distinguish two types of word order: direct (Direct Order), which is used in affirmative and negative sentences, and reverse (Indirect Order), which helps to ask a question, express an exclamation or make an order.

The direct word order scheme in an affirmative sentence is as follows:

• Subject (actor) + predicate (action) + object (other members of the sentence)

Sometimes the circumstance may come first, and the main verb may have an auxiliary verb:

• Last month (adverb) I (subject) was learning (predicate) Chinese characters (object with definition). — Last month I studied Chinese characters.
• My best friend (subject with definition) will visit (predicate) me (object) in two weeks (circumstance). My best friend will visit me in two weeks.

The negative sentence also uses direct word order. The analogue of the Russian particle “not” – the particle “not” helps to emphasize the negation. The standard word order in a negative sentence is:

• Circumstance + Subject + Auxiliary verb with particle “not” + Main verb + Object

Consider an example:

• Last month (adverb) I (subject) did not (auxiliary verb with negative particle not) learn (main verb) Chinese characters (adjective object). I didn’t learn Chinese characters last month.

Word order in an interrogative sentence

Standard closed question word order (yes/no questions):

• auxiliary/modal verb + subject + predicate + object (other parts of the sentence)

To ask a closed question, you need to put the modal or auxiliary verb in the first place in the sentence. Consider an example:

• He goes to the gym on Sundays. — He goes to the gym on Sundays.
• Does he go to the gym on Sundays? Does he go to the gym on Sundays?
• Mark has always loved Bella. Mark has always loved Bella.
• Has Mark always loved Bella? Has Mark always loved Bella?

There are many ways to answer a question in English, but giving short answers – “yes” or “no” – is not accepted, as this is considered neglect. A correctly composed answer consists of a subject and an auxiliary verb:

• Will you go to Kazakhstan? – Are you going to Kazakhstan?
• Yes, I do. (No, I don’t). – Not really).

In open-type questions, the word order is similar, only a question word should be placed at the beginning of the sentence (what – what? who – who? where – where?, etc.). In this case, the structure of the sentence will be as follows: interrogative word + auxiliary (modal) verb + subject + predicate.

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